The Treaty of Versailles didn't lay the foundations for a longlasting peace because of the remaining anger of the Allied countries against the "brutality" of the Germans and the "unfair" treatment of Russia and Germany in the treaty.
Some of the Ally leaders had experienced German brutality such as Georges Clemenceau, who had survived 2 German invasions and was determined to prevent future invasions. This anger felt by many of the Allied countries made them hesitant to make any "peace" with Germany.
The treaty made Germany forfit the right to maintain an army, give back the land to France, and pay a large amount for repair costs to the Allies. Germany obviously was not happy with this, and they didn't have enough money to pay the huge sum.
Russia also would be forced to give up a lot of land by the Treaty, so they opposed it too. Even some Americans thought the treaty was too harsh.
Many people were opposed to the Treaty of Versailles, and since noone was really happy with it, it wouldn't provide a longlasting peace.
Sunday, November 4, 2007
ch.19 sct.3 C.T.#5
I think the war had positive effects on American society, BUT the negative effects outweigh the good. Even though it opened job opportunities for women and African Americans, I think it gave the government too much power and made the people behave ignorantly and narrowmindedly.
The demand for work in the speeding economy opened many jobs for women and blacks. Many blacks migrated to the northern cities to work (p.599), and women filled in those empty spots where men had been (p.600). They certainly benefited from that, but I think society as a whole "declined" (for lack of a better word) slightly.
The government's power expanded so much that I think they slightly outstepped their limits. The Constitution is still the Constitution in wartime, but they violated it with the passing of the Espionage and Sedition Acts. Also, the way the government took over the economy was a little beyond their "call of duty". Wilson got to control most of the economy, fixing prices and such. People and business should not have been basically controlled by the president, just because it was wartime.
The propaganda campaign influenced peoples behavior. People were being fed propoganda, and all they were told is how good the war was (ignorance), and the government "shielded" the public from the "bad" views of the war, silencing all those with opposing views. Supporting the war became the expected, and those who didn't agree or even those who were simply non-native Americans were persecuted (narrowminded).
So, I think the war most affected American society negatively. Although the war created opportunities for many people, it gave the government too much power and twisted the behavior of America's society through propaganda.
The demand for work in the speeding economy opened many jobs for women and blacks. Many blacks migrated to the northern cities to work (p.599), and women filled in those empty spots where men had been (p.600). They certainly benefited from that, but I think society as a whole "declined" (for lack of a better word) slightly.
The government's power expanded so much that I think they slightly outstepped their limits. The Constitution is still the Constitution in wartime, but they violated it with the passing of the Espionage and Sedition Acts. Also, the way the government took over the economy was a little beyond their "call of duty". Wilson got to control most of the economy, fixing prices and such. People and business should not have been basically controlled by the president, just because it was wartime.
The propaganda campaign influenced peoples behavior. People were being fed propoganda, and all they were told is how good the war was (ignorance), and the government "shielded" the public from the "bad" views of the war, silencing all those with opposing views. Supporting the war became the expected, and those who didn't agree or even those who were simply non-native Americans were persecuted (narrowminded).
So, I think the war most affected American society negatively. Although the war created opportunities for many people, it gave the government too much power and twisted the behavior of America's society through propaganda.
ch.19 sct.3 C.T.#3
WW1 expanded government power in the U.S. The president gained much control over the economy, the government's tactic of propaganda made many private businesses work with the government, and the Espionage and Sedition Acts silenced many protesters.
Congress gave President Wilson direct control over much of the economy, including the power to fix prices and to regulate - even to nationalize - certain war-related industries (p.594). Wilson established the National War Labor Board
to deal with disputes between management and labor (p.595). He also set up the food administration to help produce and conserve food (p.595).
The government set up a propaganda agency to get people to support the war. The agency persuaded artists and advertisers to create art supporting the war, as well as printing millions of written pamphlets and other forms of written word (p.596). Many private businesses started supporting the war effort, mass producing and selling war supplies, growing more food, and conserving food and energy. Businesses also bought and promoted bonds for financing the war.
The Espionage and Sedition Acts were also a reflection of the expansion of government power. Under the Acts, a person could be fined and sentenced to jail for interfering with the war effort (basically speaking out in any way against the war). (p.598). This law went against the free speech amendment of the Constitution, but in wartime, this was accecpted in order to "keep the country together".
During WW1, the power of the U.S. government was supported by many private businesses and expanded so that they had the power to control most of the economy and restrict people's speech rights.
Congress gave President Wilson direct control over much of the economy, including the power to fix prices and to regulate - even to nationalize - certain war-related industries (p.594). Wilson established the National War Labor Board
to deal with disputes between management and labor (p.595). He also set up the food administration to help produce and conserve food (p.595).
The government set up a propaganda agency to get people to support the war. The agency persuaded artists and advertisers to create art supporting the war, as well as printing millions of written pamphlets and other forms of written word (p.596). Many private businesses started supporting the war effort, mass producing and selling war supplies, growing more food, and conserving food and energy. Businesses also bought and promoted bonds for financing the war.
The Espionage and Sedition Acts were also a reflection of the expansion of government power. Under the Acts, a person could be fined and sentenced to jail for interfering with the war effort (basically speaking out in any way against the war). (p.598). This law went against the free speech amendment of the Constitution, but in wartime, this was accecpted in order to "keep the country together".
During WW1, the power of the U.S. government was supported by many private businesses and expanded so that they had the power to control most of the economy and restrict people's speech rights.
ch.19 sct.2 C.T.#3
WW1 represented a frightening new kind of warfare because of the new military technology which resulted in large casualty figures, shell shock, and many other horrors.
The new military technology included the invention and use of machine guns, tanks, airplanes, and poison gases. Machine guns were much faster than previous models (p.590), which meant they take away more lives much faster. Tanks made advancement into enemy camps much easier (p.590), and powerful guns were often mounted on the tanks, adding to the destruction. Airplanes made it possible for big-scale bombing and more detailed information-finding. Poison gases killed many soldiers by making them sick and/or suffocating, burning, and blinding them (p.591).
Many soldiers that did survive came out of the war with not only phisical health issues such as lost limbs, but emotional/mental health problems such as shell shock, which was developed from the explosions and many other terrors of the war and made veterans go pretty much crazy or lose their memory, ect.(p.591). This showed the devastating effects of the new kind of warfare started by WW1.
Another reflection of this was in the huge casualty figures. Deaths numbered about 22 million, and more than half of them were civilians. 20 million were wounded and 10 million more became refugees.(p.593). That is a lot of people that lost their lives, health, or least their way of life. War World 1 was the bloodiest war in history up to that time, and the major reason was the advancement in military technology, which led to this frightening new kind of warfare.
The new military technology included the invention and use of machine guns, tanks, airplanes, and poison gases. Machine guns were much faster than previous models (p.590), which meant they take away more lives much faster. Tanks made advancement into enemy camps much easier (p.590), and powerful guns were often mounted on the tanks, adding to the destruction. Airplanes made it possible for big-scale bombing and more detailed information-finding. Poison gases killed many soldiers by making them sick and/or suffocating, burning, and blinding them (p.591).
Many soldiers that did survive came out of the war with not only phisical health issues such as lost limbs, but emotional/mental health problems such as shell shock, which was developed from the explosions and many other terrors of the war and made veterans go pretty much crazy or lose their memory, ect.(p.591). This showed the devastating effects of the new kind of warfare started by WW1.
Another reflection of this was in the huge casualty figures. Deaths numbered about 22 million, and more than half of them were civilians. 20 million were wounded and 10 million more became refugees.(p.593). That is a lot of people that lost their lives, health, or least their way of life. War World 1 was the bloodiest war in history up to that time, and the major reason was the advancement in military technology, which led to this frightening new kind of warfare.
ch.19 sct.1 C.T.#4
America's ties with the Allies were stronger than its ties with the Central Powers because it had more connections to, and dependence on the counries known as the Allies. One of the major (most influential and prominent) countries in the Allies group was Britain, with whom America was "close with". Americans had pretty much come from Britain, so they were almost like "family", but way more important, America did a lot of trading with Britain and they benefited from their sort of partnership. Britain also shared many of the same views as America in things such as world issues, imperialism, ect. America also agreed with Serbia in their wish for freedom. America had many immigrants from Ally countries, whereas there were not many immigrants in America from Austria-Hungary or Bulgaria...
America was not majorly involved in trade with the Central Powers, nor had America had experiences that would bring them close or indebt them to Central Powers. America had different views than Austria-Hungary, in that America thought Serbia should get its freedom and be left alone. Then when Germany attacked some American ships and passengers that were near Britain, America was driven farther from the Central Power countries.
America had economic ties and motives that drew them to the Allied countries, so those ties were stronger than their (very few) ties with Central Power countries.
America was not majorly involved in trade with the Central Powers, nor had America had experiences that would bring them close or indebt them to Central Powers. America had different views than Austria-Hungary, in that America thought Serbia should get its freedom and be left alone. Then when Germany attacked some American ships and passengers that were near Britain, America was driven farther from the Central Power countries.
America had economic ties and motives that drew them to the Allied countries, so those ties were stronger than their (very few) ties with Central Power countries.
Thursday, November 1, 2007
ch.19 sct.1 C.T.#5
Germany escalated its U-boat attacks in 1917 both out of necessity and because of the pressure of the competion of the times (which led to the necessity of defenses once involved in the war).
Other countries, especially Britain, were building up their naval forces at that time, and Germany didn't want to be overpowered by them, so it started building up its own navy, which encouraged Britain to become even stronger, which in turn, prompted Germany to further build-up, and so on. It became a race for power. Germany had ideals of becoming an empire, and since they had built up this navy, they wanted to use it to help them reach their goal. Then Germany (and its navy) became involved in the war, and Britain blockaded the coast of Germany to prevent the delivery of supplies. Britain also wouldn't allow neutral nations to trade with Germany, so almost all of Germany's supplies, including food, were cut off. They had no choice but to come up with a new plan/tactic with which to overcome Britain's power. Germany's need for a counterblockade against Britain led to the use of submarine warfare. Their navy was much weaker than Britain's, so they needed to be sneaky in their attacks. The submarines, or U-boats, allowed the Germans to do this. In 1917, America joined the Allies, whichprobably contributed even more to Germany's need for submarine usage.
Germany needed to use submarines for attacks in order to overcome the amassed strength of the British navy. This was a time of advancing forms of warfare, and Germany made the advancements necessary for survival by increasing attacks by u-boats in order to defend themselves.
Other countries, especially Britain, were building up their naval forces at that time, and Germany didn't want to be overpowered by them, so it started building up its own navy, which encouraged Britain to become even stronger, which in turn, prompted Germany to further build-up, and so on. It became a race for power. Germany had ideals of becoming an empire, and since they had built up this navy, they wanted to use it to help them reach their goal. Then Germany (and its navy) became involved in the war, and Britain blockaded the coast of Germany to prevent the delivery of supplies. Britain also wouldn't allow neutral nations to trade with Germany, so almost all of Germany's supplies, including food, were cut off. They had no choice but to come up with a new plan/tactic with which to overcome Britain's power. Germany's need for a counterblockade against Britain led to the use of submarine warfare. Their navy was much weaker than Britain's, so they needed to be sneaky in their attacks. The submarines, or U-boats, allowed the Germans to do this. In 1917, America joined the Allies, whichprobably contributed even more to Germany's need for submarine usage.
Germany needed to use submarines for attacks in order to overcome the amassed strength of the British navy. This was a time of advancing forms of warfare, and Germany made the advancements necessary for survival by increasing attacks by u-boats in order to defend themselves.
ch.19 sct.1 C.T.#3
War World 1 threatened the lives of civilians on both sides of the Atlantic in two main ways: the threat of death and the threat to people's "way of life".
Many peoples' physical lives were taken away or put in jeopardy by the war. In America as well as in other countries, the potential of being drafted into war definitely presented some threats to civilians' lives. There was also a threat of death from attacks by U-boats, which the Germans used to sink any boat found in waters around Britain (p.584). The blockade of the German coast by the British killed several Germans who couldnot get enough food to survive (p.584). Lives were also being endangered by invading armies of (European) countries such as Germany, which attacked civilians and destroyed villages throughout Belgium (p.583). Much of the fighting took place in France, and many many soldiers ( probably as well as villagers cought in the midst of warfare) died during the war. In addition to soldiers' and civilians' lives being in danger, leaders of nations faced assassination, such as the Archduke of Austria who was shot by a Serbian.
The way of life for many people was also put in jeopardy by WW1. The British blockade also stopped German goods from going out, so anyone who was used to buying and using German products would have been affected in addition to the obviously suffering Germans. If Germany and her allies win and conquer the other countries (ex. Serbia), the conquered countries will definitely have a change in their way of life; Germany would probably force the people into sharing their customs and their laws and their wishes. For many countries involved in the war, food and supplies were needed for the military, so everything had to be rationed; people had to get used to not having plentiful amounts of food and having to work hard to get it.
I think there were more threats to actual lives than to people's "way of life" during the war and that is what most people would have been most concerned about anyway (their LIVES), so I believe danger of death was a bigger issue than losing one's culture or way of life.
Many peoples' physical lives were taken away or put in jeopardy by the war. In America as well as in other countries, the potential of being drafted into war definitely presented some threats to civilians' lives. There was also a threat of death from attacks by U-boats, which the Germans used to sink any boat found in waters around Britain (p.584). The blockade of the German coast by the British killed several Germans who couldnot get enough food to survive (p.584). Lives were also being endangered by invading armies of (European) countries such as Germany, which attacked civilians and destroyed villages throughout Belgium (p.583). Much of the fighting took place in France, and many many soldiers ( probably as well as villagers cought in the midst of warfare) died during the war. In addition to soldiers' and civilians' lives being in danger, leaders of nations faced assassination, such as the Archduke of Austria who was shot by a Serbian.
The way of life for many people was also put in jeopardy by WW1. The British blockade also stopped German goods from going out, so anyone who was used to buying and using German products would have been affected in addition to the obviously suffering Germans. If Germany and her allies win and conquer the other countries (ex. Serbia), the conquered countries will definitely have a change in their way of life; Germany would probably force the people into sharing their customs and their laws and their wishes. For many countries involved in the war, food and supplies were needed for the military, so everything had to be rationed; people had to get used to not having plentiful amounts of food and having to work hard to get it.
I think there were more threats to actual lives than to people's "way of life" during the war and that is what most people would have been most concerned about anyway (their LIVES), so I believe danger of death was a bigger issue than losing one's culture or way of life.
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